Iodine deficiency disorder and iodized salt consumption in the philippines article pdf available in philippine journal of nutrition 60. Thus, nowadays iodine deficiency is considered one of the most communal origins of mental insufficiency in the world. Iodine deficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine, an essential nutrient in the diet. A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet, which can lead to inadequate production of thyroid hormone hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland goiter. Globally, a large percentage of the worlds population is affected by iodine deficiency disorders. This chapter provides a global overview of the disorders caused by iodine deficiency. But a deficiency will likely cause the iodine to be absorbed into the skin more quickly. The iodine patch test is a test where doctors paint a patch of iodine on your skin and check how it looks 24 hours later. Iodine deficiency disorders the zambian experience chifumbe chintu of the university of zambia school of medicine and former chariman of the national food and nutrition commission and chair of the micronutrient task force, lusaka, zambia presented the zambian experience with iodine deficiency disorders. Indicators for assessing iodine deficiency disorders and their control through salt iodization. Since the addition of iodine to table salt became common, iodine deficiency has rarely been seen in the us. Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for normal thyroid function, growth, and development. The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine have iodine.
In the united states, iodine deficiency disorders idd such as goiter, cretinism, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, and retarded physical and intellectual development have been virtually eliminated through the iodization of salt. The prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders. Overall, some 400 million people in china were estimated to be at risk of iodinedeficiency disorders, constituting 40. Iodine deficiency disorders in 15 districts of india. These effects are due to inadequate production of thyroid hormone and are termed iodine deficiency disorders. Iodine deficiency is the most common preventable cause of intellectual disabilities in the world. Population effects of severe iodine deficiency, termed iodine deficiency disorders idds, include endemic goiter, hypothyroidism, cretinism, decreased fertility rate, increased infant mortality, and mental retardation. According to who a goitre rate above 5%constitutes a public health problem. Iodine deficiency disorders refer to a spectrum of health consequences resulting from inadequate intake of iodine. When severe iodine deficiency occurs during pregnancy, it is associated with fetal hypothyroidism, mental impairment, and increased neonatal. Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable intellectual impairment in the world and may forfeit as much as 15 percent of a persons intellectual. In the most severe form, an underactive thyroid can result in cretinism a syndrome characterized by permanent brain damage, deaf mutism, spasticity, and short stature, although this has become rare worldwide. Iodine deficiency not only leads to goiter and cretinism but also to a much broad spectrum of disorders.
See more ideas about iodine deficiency, health and thyroid health. Definition iodine deficiency disorders refer to a spectrum of health consequences resulting from inadequate intake of iodine. In areas where marine food is not eaten, there is low iodine in the diet. Iodine deficiency disorders in europe semantic scholar.
The adverse consequences of iodine deficiency lead to a wide spectrum of problems ranging from abortion and still birth to mental and physical retardation and deafness, which collectively known as iodine deficiency disorders idds. Iodine deficiency has many adverse effects on growth and development. Abstractiodine is crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis and fetal neurodevelopment. Iodine is an essential micronutrient required daily in very minute quantities 100 150 micrograms for normal human growth and mental development. The parliament of georgia has made a major breakthrough in the fight against iodine deficiency, adopting new legislation to outlaw imports of noniodized salt. Is iodine deficiency a bigger problem than we think. This in turn leads to deficiency of iodine in crops grown on iodine deficient soil with consequently low iodine in the diet for livestock and humans. National iodine deficiency disorders control programme introduction iodine is required for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine t4 and triiodothyronine t3 and essential for the normal growth and development and well being of all humans. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable mental impairment. There was a significant reduction in brain weight in the newborns from the second pregnancy. Thus, nowadays iodine deficiency is considered one of the most. Iodinedeficiency disorders in the aseer region, southwestern saudi arabia. The thyroid gland was enlarged with gross reduction in plasma t4 in both mothers and newborns, and was greater in the second pregnancy than in the first, suggesting a greater severity of iodine deficiency. It is the worlds most prevalent, yet easily preventable.
Iodine deficiency disorders idds is the most widely distributed endemic disease and end angers the largest number of people in the world. This causes iodine deficiency which gives rise to goiter socalled endemic goiter, as well as cretinism, which results in developmental delays and other. Iodinerich diets and iodinization of salt around the world has reduced the prevalence of endemic goiters. Programs must take into account possible losses between point of manufacture or import and the consumers table. For those who are not iodine deficient, the patch fades no sooner than 24 hours. In 1990, few developing countries had largescale saltiodization programmes, and fewer than one in five households were estimated to consume adequately iodized salt. Iodine deficiency is the single most common cause of preventable mental retardation and brain damage in the world.
Thanks for bringing this topic to the forefront and for presenting a comprehensive overview what we have learned is the ckstyle. In the united states, as well as around the world, the most vulnerable populations to the consequences of iodine deficiency are. The remainder distributed throughout other tissues, like mammary, salivary, gastric glands and in the kidneys. Overall, some 400 million people in china were estimated to be at risk of iodine deficiency disorders, constituting 40. An insufficient supply of thyroid hormones to the developing brain may result in neurocognitive impairment 1925. It may result in metabolic problems such as goiter, sometimes as an endemic goiter as well as cretinism due to untreated congenital hypothyroidism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems. Therefore, in 1962, government of india launched national goiter control program and in 1992, it is renamed as national iodine deficiency disorders control program. The government is implementing national iodine deficiency disorders control programme niddcp formerly known as the national goiter control programme ngcp since 1962. Iodine deficiency disorders idd are linked to iodine deficient soil. Due to glaciations, flooding, rivers changing course and deforestation the iodine present in top soil is constantly leached. Special emphasis will be put on recent developments such as the role of iodine deficiency in the development of brain damage and mental retardation, assessment of the iodine status of a population and current worldwide epidemiological data, strategies for control and monitoring of the iodine deficiency. The goal in the prevention of idds is universal salt iodization usi.
China iodine deficiency disorders control project english abstract. Deficiency of iodine can cause physical and mental retardation, cretinism, abortion, still birth, deaf mutism, squint besides goiter. The majority of these manifest in infants and children as. Both insufficient and excessive iodine intake can result in thyroid disease. Role of medical resource level in iodine deficiency disorder. Iodine deficiency a range of disorders including goiter enlarged thyroid, stillbirths, stunted growth, thyroid deficiency, and mental defects affects percent of the worlds population, or 740 million people. Iodine deficiency an overview sciencedirect topics. Iodine deficiency disorders it is a major nutrition problem in india and other neighbouring countries like bangladesh, bhutan, indonesia, nepal, sri lanka and thailand. Iodine deficiency disorders in the aseer region, southwestern saudi arabia. Iodine deficiency disorders how is iodine deficiency. I assess clients on an individual basis looking as dietary intake, biomarkers including a complete thyroid panel with rt3 and assess other nutrients related to thyroid function using spectracell that are easier to test than iodine.
A minimum 750 million people around the globe are candidates for iodine deficiency disorders. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable mental impairment worldwide. These effects are due to inadequate production of thyroid hormone and are termed iodinedeficiency disorders. Oct 14, 2017 severe iodine deficiency results in impaired thyroid hormone synthesis andor thyroid enlargement goiter. His presentation was cowritten by cm lumbwe, current. Major dietary sources of iodine in the united states are dairy products and iodized salt. May 26, 20 deficiency of iodine can cause physical and mental retardation, cretinism, abortion, still birth, deaf mutism, squint besides goiter. Studies in 1995 found that 20 percent of schoolchildren between the ages of 8 and 10 years had enlarged thyroid glands. Losses may vary among the forms of iodine used iodide vs.
The iodine deficiency disorders endotext ncbi bookshelf. Severe iodine deficiency results in impaired thyroid hormone synthesis andor thyroid enlargement goiter. The majority of these manifest in infants and children as a result of maternal iodine deficiency. Assessment methods include urinary iodine concentration, goitre, newborn thyroidstimulating hormone, and blood thyroglobulin. Epidemiology iodine deficiency is the single most important cause of preventable mental retardation. The deficiency has an immediate effect on child learning capacity, womens health, the qualities of life in.
The term iodine deficiency disorders refers to all of the consequences of iodine deficiency, which depend on its severity and the age of the affected subject. Although iodine status in the united states is considered sufficient at the population level, intake. The consequence of iodine deficiency during pregnancy is impaired synthesis of thyroid hormones by the mother and the fetus. Pdf iodinedeficiency disorders in the aseer region. Iodine deficiency is one of the four major deficiency diseases in the world, yet it is the easiest to control. Prevention of disorders caused by iodine, micronutrients and vitamins deficiency will come into force in six months. Prevention of disorders caused by iodine, micronutrients and vitamins deficiency will come into force in. Iodine deficiency is an important global health issue, especially for fertile and pregnant women. It is a chemical element with the symbol i and an atomic number of 53.
Read more about symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, complications, causes and prognosis. Iodine deficiency can lead to a variety of health and developmental consequences known as iodine deficiency disorders. The outstanding assessments show highly satisfactory ratings on project outcome, and sustainability, substantial institutional development impacts, and satisfactory performances by the bank, and borrower. Potential consequences of iodine deficiency are goiter, hypothyroidism, cretinism, and impaired cognitive development. Onethird of the worlds population lives in iodinedeficient areas, and 32 countries have a low level of iodine intake 1, 2. National iodine deficiency disorder control programme.
Antit 4 antiserum required for highly sensitive t 4 assay was raised in rabbits. Given that sweat helps keep your skin moist and hydrated, a lack of sweat may be another reason why dry, flaky skin is a common symptom of iodine deficiency. When left untreated, iodine deficiency can lead to severe hypothyroidism. People with lower thyroid hormone levels, such as those with an iodine deficiency, tend to sweat less than people with normal thyroid hormone levels 18, 19. Iodine deficiency simple english wikipedia, the free. Iodine deficiency leads to low iq in half of indian babies.
Products health e stats iodine levels in the united. Iodine deficiency disorders idds are a worldwide major public health problem. National iodine deficiency disorders control program. Deficiency can cause a multitude of thyroid disorders. Global iodine deficiency disorders idd prevention day or world iodine deficiency day is observed every year on 21st october. In the 1970s, iodine deficiency disorders could be observed at different epi. Iodine deficiency disorder idd has been identified all over the world with rd of the world population exposed to the risk of idd. Iodine deficiency is a risk factor for the growth and development of up to 2. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2yearsold. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. Iodine deficiency causes goitre and significantly lowers the i. Burden of iodinedeficiency disorders china bears the heaviest burden of iodine deficiency in the world. Dr basil hetzel has worked with the iccidd, the international council for the control of iodine deficiency disorders.
There are several manifestations of iodine deficiency now termed iodine deficiency disorders. Iodine deficiency disorders and their prevention in india. Iodine deficiency the science show abc radio national. Abstractiodine is an essential element to human health. The social and economical benefits of idd eradication and the contribution their. Iodine deficiency is when there is not enough iodine in the body. The disorders caused due to deficiency of nutritional iodine in the food, diet are called iodine deficiency disorders idd. Iodine is an essential trace element that is required for the production of thyroid hormones. Burden of iodine deficiency disorders china bears the heaviest burden of iodine deficiency in the world. Iodine deficiency disorders adapted from a british geological survey diagram. Iodine deficiency in the fetus is the result of iodine deficiency in the mother. Aug 31, 2012 iodine deficiency disorders refer to a spectrum of health consequences resulting from inadequate intake of iodine.
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